1. only restricted the federal government's right to interfere with states' rights. States were still free to set up their own government churches, restrict free speech, etc. The Constitution extended federal power. In order to make it acceptable to the states, the Bill of Rights was passed, which primarily limited federal powers. Although most of the colonies that had had government churches abolished them in the Revolution, Massachusetts kept its established church until the 1830s. Obviously most slave states had to forbid the open expression of abolitionist opinions. Only after the Civil War did the 14th Amendment extend the Bill of Rights' guarantees of freedom of speech, press, religion, etc. to the states.
 
 
 

2. three-fourths of the state legislatures (or conventions in each state if such a method is proposed by Congress) It was made difficult to amend the Constitution, although that hasn't prevented it from being done. The president has nothing to do with the amendments, not even the veto power that can be applied to ordinary laws. Since the president's veto can be overridden by a two-thirds vote of Congress, there would be little point in granting a veto power over something that must be passed by two-thirds of Congress to begin with.
 
 
 

3. other rights not mentioned. The Ninth Amendment to the Constitution is quite explicit about this: "The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people." If you can prove something was a generally accepted right at the time the Constitution was enacted, you can claim it. For example, at the time of the revolution, most states had a pass system for slaves if they went off the plantation. Free citizens did not have to carry identification. Quartering of troops (forcing you to keep soldiers in your house during peacetime) is specifically forbidden in the Third Amendment because it was a form of British oppression during the Revolution. Even George III never suggested mandatory government identity cards for free citizens.
 
 
 

4. guarantee themselves peace, freedom, justice and a better society. The preamble to the Constitution says it best, so I want to quote the whole thing here: "We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America."

The word "God" does not appear in the Constitution. Religion is only mentioned in two places: (1) the First Amendment, which forbids the federal government from establishing an official religion or prohibiting freedom of religion, and (2) in Article VI, where it says that "no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States."
 
 
 

5. 6 years at a time. Senators are supposed to remove themselves from the immediate passions of the moment and take a long-term view of the best interests of the United States. Therefore their terms are longer than those of representatives, and one-third of them are elected every two years. This makes the Senate the most stable legislative body in the government, as after every election most of them will still be serving. Originally they were also elected by state legislatures, to further remove them from the short-term passions of the people they represent. One famous senator called them "the elect of the elect."
 
 
 

6. 2 years at a time. Representatives are chosen every other year, more often than any other elected officials in the federal government. Unlike senators, they are apportioned according to the population of the states they represent, and thus states with more population get more representatives. They have always been directly chosen by the voters. They are intended to represent the people most closely, unlike Senators, who are supposed to think in a longer term.
 
 
 

7. all of the above.  Bills must be passed by both House and Senate in identical form. If  not, the two bodies form a conference committee to iron out a compromise, but eventually both must pass the compromise for it to become law. If the President "vetoes" the bill (returns it to Congress with objections,) both houses of Congress must pass it again, each by a two-thirds majority, and each Senator or Congressman must put their individual vote on record. If the president doesn't return the bill to Congress, it becomes a law within ten days if Congress is still in session, but it doesn't become a law if they adjourn within those ten days, since he can't return the bill to Congress if they are out of session.
 
 
 

8. 4 years at a time up to 2 times.  The president is elected to serve for four years, two years more than members of the House of representatives and two years less than senators. The first president, George Washington, served for two terms (eight years) and then quit. This set a precedent. No president served longer than Washington until 1940, when Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected for a third term. After Roosevelt died  the 22nd Amendment was enacted to ensure that no one could be elected president more than twice, nor serve more than a total of ten years.
 
 
 

9. a majority of the Electoral College voting in December.  Many Americans think they are voting directly for the president when they vote in November. They are actually voting for electors, who will choose the president in a separate election in December. This Electoral College election in December is the only really national election in the United States.  All the other elections are organized by the states. This is partly because of the difficulty that would have been involved in holding national elections in the 18th Century, and partly because the framers of the Constitution knew they were making an experiment and weren't sure they wanted to put that much power directly into the hands of the people.

Nothing in Federal law prevents the electors from choosing someone not even on the ballot. Various proposals have been made for doing away with the electoral college, including choosing the president by direct election, but none of them have been approved.

If a majority of the electors do not agree on their choice of president, the election is thrown into the House of Representatives.  This has only happened once in U.S. history since the 12th Amendment was passed to provide for separate elections of president and vice-president, in 1824 when John Quincy Adams was elected. In 1876 there was also a dispute about who were the legal electors from certain states, but this was decided by a special commission.
 
 
 

10. made by the president and approved by the Senate.  The Senate not only ratifies treaties, it approves (or disapproves) appointments of cabinet officers, ambassadors and federal judges. These appointments, like treaties, are made by the President. The special role of the Senate in foreign affairs makes the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee one of the most powerful (and often controversial) figures in the United States federal government.